Google, Perplexity, and the AdS/CFT Correspondence: What Do Search Engines Really Want to Say About Their Competition?

Cooper believes that the effects will extend beyond just the business of search engines. She said it will have an impact on Artificial Intelligence.

The Justice Department wrapped up its case on Tuesday and as a result more executives from the three companies will be called to testify. Once the penalty phase of the trial is finished, the search engine will appeal Mehta’s underlying ruling.

The trial continues this week and the DOJ is going to call their final witnesses to testify about how the government’s proposed remedies would help competitors. On Tuesday afternoon, Google will begin presenting its case, which is expected to feature the testimony of CEO Sundar Pichai, although the date of his appearance has not been specified.

On Wednesday last week, Perplexity’s chief business officer was called to testify by the DOJ that his company had been cut out from making deals with manufacturers and mobile carriers because of a tech giant like Google.

But Google’s attorney, Christopher Yeager, noted in questioning Shevelenko that Perplexity has reached a valuation of over $9 billion — insinuating the company is doing just fine in the marketplace.

OpenAI vs. OpenAI: Why the U.S. DoJ sued Google in a lawsuit seeking a partnership with a third party search provider

This March, they showed that 35 million daily users and 350 million monthly users are on the site. In October 2024 that number was 9 million daily users. But according to those documents, Gemini was still lagging behind ChatGPT, which reached 160 million daily users and around 600 million active users in March.

The government argues that to level the playing field, Google should be forced to open its search data — like users’ search queries, clicks and results — and license it to other competitors at a cost.

When the U.S. Department of Justice originally brought — and then won — its case against Google, arguing that the tech behemoth monopolized the search engine market, the focus was on, well … search.

The DOJ argued in court that a monthly “enormous sum,” was what was agreed to by the two parties, and that this kind of distribution deal has been replicated by Google.

Perplexity doesn’t have a built in app for mobile devices in the U.S., despite efforts of phone companies to have it included in their devices. He compared Google’s control in that space to that of a “mob boss.”

On the third day of the remedy trial, internal Google documents shared in court by the company’s lawyers compared how many people are using Gemini versus its competitors. According to those documents, ChatGPT and MetaAI are the two leaders, with Gemini coming in third.

So instead, they sought a partnership with a third party search provider. Turley said that Openai attempted to make a deal with Google, but that they wouldn’t allow it because Openai was a direct competitor.

OpenAI couldn’t build their own index fast enough to address their problems; they found that process incredibly expensive, time consuming and potentially years from coming to fruition, Turley said.

Artificial Intelligence is the Future of AI Technologies: Nick Turley at the DOJ’s First Appellate Testimony on Google’s Chatbot

Turley said that the bot’s limited “knowledge” had its drawbacks, like being popular. It wasn’t connected to the internet early on and only was able to glean information from a point in its training. For example, Turley said, if a user asked “Who is the president?” The program would give a question from when its “knowledge” stopped.

A number of newly developed chat bots are reaching tens of thousands of users a day. Pichai said Google views its AI chatbot, Gemini, as a leading model in the industry, but still a “big gap” remains between them and what he views as the market leader: OpenAI’s ChatGPT.

To make that point, the DOJ called Nick Turley, OpenAI’s head of product for ChatGPT, to the stand last Tuesday. During a long day of testimony, Turley detailed how without access to Google’s search index and data, engineers for the growing company tried to build their own.

She said that access to the data would allow them to build better products, and potentially other products, that we haven’t even thought of.

The executive director of the Knight-Georgetown Institute, a nonpartisan tech research and policy center at Georgetown University, said that it should be no surprise that Artificial Intelligence is being discussed so much in the trial.

John E. Schmidtlein said during his opening statement that there’s a shortage of competition in that market and that the two biggest players in it are ChatGPT and Meta. Don’t rely on my word. Look at the data. Hundreds and hundreds of millions of downloads came from the same person.

In court, Google’s lawyers have argued that there are a host of AI companies with chatbots — some of which are outperforming Gemini. OpenAI, Meta, and Perplexity have their own artificial intelligence.

Dahlquist argued that Google has created a system in which its control of search helps improve its AI products, sending more users back to Google search — creating a cycle that maintains the tech company’s dominance and blocks competitors out of both marketplaces.

Search engine indices are essentially giant databases of pages and information on the web, they are connected like this. According to court documents, an index which contains hundreds of billions of webpages is provided by Google. This is the query data that will be scanned by the search engine.

The integration of search and Gemini, the company’s AI chatbot — which the DOJ sees as powerful fuel for this cycle — is a big focus of the government’s proposed remedies. The DOJ believes that the remedies must address all ways users access the internet, so the court should approve the penalties that don’t include or include the other Google products at this time.

“AI is one of the most profound technologies humans will ever work on,” Pichai said. He said that the amount of money that the company spent on research and development for Artificial Intelligence was one of the highest in the world.

The theme of his testimony was of little surprise, as the tech giant has long argued that the DOJ’s proposed remedies are both dangerous and “unprecedented” and would hurt American consumers, the economy and tech innovation. It looked at how the internet giant views the emergence of artificial intelligence and how it is changing the way we work.

The government also wants Google to spin off its Chrome browser, arguing the world’s most popular browser powers the tech company’s advertising business by harvesting data from user activity from Chrome and Google search. Splitting this off would create more competition within the online search market, the DOJ argues.

Pichai spoke from a witness box wearing a dark suit and spoke from the witness box speaking from the witness box during the second week of the remedies trial. Mehta ruled almost a year ago that the search engine giant acted illegally to maintain a monopoly.

The Justice Department proposal that would force the company to share its data with competitors would be a negative for the company, as it took decades of investment and innovation to build the search engine, according to the company’s CEO.

Large Language Models to Embarrass: The Case of a Conversational Chatbot using Databases like Facebook and Google Maps

If you use databases like these, you can train large language models like chatbots so that they can engage in conversations.